{"id":641,"date":"2025-11-24T18:50:07","date_gmt":"2025-11-24T18:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/?p=641"},"modified":"2025-11-24T18:50:08","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T18:50:08","slug":"principii-crestine-pentru-interventii-genetice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/principii-crestine-pentru-interventii-genetice\/","title":{"rendered":"Principii cre\u0219tine pentru interven\u021bii genetice"},"content":{"rendered":"

INTRODUCERE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Majoritatea progreselor \u00een genetic\u0103 sunt rezultatul cre\u0219terii gradului de cunoa\u0219tere cu privire la structura genelor, nu numai \u00een cazul omului, ci \u00een cazul tuturor formele de via\u021b\u0103 de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt (cuvintele scrise cu caractere cursive sunt definite \u00eentr-un glosar g\u0103sit la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul acestui document). Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 cartografierea genetic\u0103, noi mijloace de testare genetic\u0103, noi posibilit\u0103\u021bi din ingineria genetic\u0103, o varietate de strategii eugenice care \u00een urm\u0103 cu doar c\u00e2\u021biva ani ar fi fost de neimaginat. Pe scurt, noile cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een domeniul geneticii reprezint\u0103 o putere f\u0103r\u0103 precedent, \u00eens\u0103 odat\u0103 cu aceast\u0103 putere a venit \u0219i posibilitatea de a o folosi pentru un bine sau un r\u0103u imens, a\u0219adar reprezint\u0103 \u0219i o mare responsabilitate. Din perspectiv\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103, suntem responsabili de modul \u00een care utiliz\u0103m aceast\u0103 putere nu numai pentru oamenire, ci \u0219i \u00een fiecare domeniu al vie\u021bii create pe care Dumnezeu ni l-a \u00eencredin\u021bat \u00een administare. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, suntem r\u0103spunz\u0103tori \u00een fa\u021ba Creatorului universului care ne va trage la r\u0103spundere pentru modul \u00een care am avut grij\u0103 unii de al\u021bii \u0219i de P\u0103m\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2nd crea\u021bia a ie\u0219it din m\u00e2na Creatorului, toate au fost \u201efoarte bune\u201d (Geneza 1:31). Zestrea genetic\u0103 pe care Adam \u0219i Eva au primit-o de la Creatorul lor era perfect\u0103. Bolile genetice de care sufer\u0103 acum oamenii nu sunt urmarea unor varia\u021bii normale. Ele au ap\u0103rut \u00een urma muta\u021biilor d\u0103un\u0103toare. \u00cen efortul de a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi starea genomului uman, \u0219tiin\u021ba modern\u0103 poate \u00eencerca s\u0103 \u00eel apropie mai mult de starea \u00een care era dup\u0103 crea\u021bie. \u00cen m\u0103sura \u00een care interven\u021biile genetice utile pot fi realizate \u00een armonie cu principiile cre\u0219tine, ele pot fi acceptate ca o modalitate de a coopera cu divinitatea pentru a atenua rezultatele dureroase ale p\u0103catului. Orice \u00eencercare de a formula principii etice comprehensive pentru interven\u021biile genetice se confrunt\u0103 cu complexitatea tot mai mare a \u0219tiin\u021bei aflate \u00eentr-o permanent\u0103 transformare. De la descoperirea structurii moleculare a ADN-ului (acid dezoxiribonucleic), s-au \u00eenmul\u021bit cuno\u0219tin\u021bele despre genetica unui num\u0103r tot mai mare de forme de via\u021b\u0103. Adesea, dob\u00e2ndirea tot mai multor informa\u021bii \u0219i progresul tehnologic au fost \u00eenso\u021bite de preocup\u0103ri importante de natur\u0103 etic\u0103. Putem doar s\u0103 ne imagin\u0103m \u00eentreb\u0103rile care vor mai ap\u0103rea odat\u0103 cu progresul geneticii. Complexitatea problemelor \u0219i ritmul rapid al schimb\u0103rilor fac probabil\u0103 nevoia de a extinde \u0219i modifica principiile cre\u0219tine relevante odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un exemplu de domeniu care se schimb\u0103 rapid este cel al cartografierii genetice. Un demers \u0219tiin\u021bific interna\u021bional cunoscut ca Proiectul \u201eGenomul uman\u201d \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 o diagram\u0103 genetic\u0103 detaliat\u0103 sau o \u201ehart\u0103\u201d a tuturor cromozomilor umani cu scopul de a realiza o descriere cuprinz\u0103toare a secven\u021bei milioanelor de perechi de baze ale ADN-ului pe care le con\u021bin cromozomii umani. Cercet\u0103torii inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103 utilizeze aceste informa\u021bii pentru a facilita identificarea \u0219i izolarea genelor umane, oferind astfel un ajutor util \u00een \u00een\u021belegerea dezvolt\u0103rii umane \u0219i \u00een tratarea bolilor. \u00cen permanen\u021b\u0103 apar noi detalii cu privire la identitatea, rolul \u0219i func\u021bia genelor umane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuno\u0219tin\u021bele tot mai numeroase cu privire la identitatea genelor umane au dat na\u0219tere unei variet\u0103\u021bi de posibilit\u0103\u021bi de testare genetic\u0103. \u00cen trecut, informa\u021biile genetice cu privire la o persoan\u0103 erau \u00een mare parte deduse din istoricul familial, din informa\u021biile clinice cu privire la fenotip sau din reflectarea fizic\u0103 a genelor acesteia. Ast\u0103zi, tot mai multe analize genetice complexe permit identificarea genelor defecte care cauzeaz\u0103 afec\u021biuni genetice precum fibroza chistic\u0103, boala Huntington \u0219i unele tipuri de cancer. Multe dintre aceste teste pot fi efectuate \u00een stadiul prenatal, exist\u00e2nd posibilitatea de identifica sute de caracteristici genetice, inclusiv numeroase tulbur\u0103ri genetice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O alt\u0103 urmare a dezvolt\u0103riicuno\u0219tin\u021belor genetice de baz\u0103 este capacitatea de a modifica genele \u00een mod inten\u021bionat, sau ingineria genetic\u0103. Prin utilizarea enzimelor capabile s\u0103 elimine anumite segmente de gene este posibil\u0103 modificarea structurii genetice a celulelor prin introducerea, eliminarea sau modificarea anumitor gene. Ingineria genetic\u0103 ofer\u0103 posibilit\u0103\u021bi uimitoare, inclusiv transferul genelor dincolo de barierele biologice, precum cel de la animale la plante. Poten\u021bialul de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a formelor de via\u021b\u0103 pare infinit. Plantele proiectate genetic, de exemplu, pot fi f\u0103cute mai productive, mai rezistente la boli sau mai pu\u021bin sensibile la procesele interne de degradare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ingineria genetic\u0103 a adus beneficii directe medicinei. A f\u0103cut posibil\u0103, de exemplu, producerea insulinei umane \u0219i a hormonului uman de cre\u0219tere, care nu se putea ob\u021bine \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi suficiente. Ingineria genetic\u0103 face, de asemenea, posibil\u0103 tratarea bolilor prin alterarea genetic\u0103. \u00cen acest tip de tratament, un pacient ale c\u0103rui celule au gene lips\u0103 sau defecte prime\u0219te materialul genetic necesar. Niemni nu \u0219tie c\u00e2te boli genetice pot fi tratate astfel, \u00eens\u0103 succesul ini\u021bial \u00een tratarea unor boli precum fibroza chistic\u0103 ofer\u0103 speran\u021b\u0103 \u00een ce prive\u0219te posibilitatea trat\u0103rii altor afec\u021biuni genetice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuno\u0219tin\u021bele genetice tot mai numeroase duc, de asemenea, la apari\u021bia de noi posibilit\u0103\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te eugenia, sau eforturile de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a fondului genetic al diferitelor specii, inclusiv al fiin\u021belor umane. \u00cen linii mari, astfel de demersuri se \u00eencadreaz\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 categorii: eugenia negativ\u0103 folose\u0219te strategii al c\u0103ror obiectiv const\u0103 \u00een prevenirea mo\u0219tenirii genelor d\u0103un\u0103toare organismului, iar eugenia pozitiv\u0103 apeleaz\u0103 la strategii al c\u0103ror obiectiv const\u0103 \u00een promovarea transmiterii genelor dezirabile. Un exemplu de strategie proprie eugeniei negative folosit\u0103 \u00een trecut este sterilizarea persoanelor considerate a avea defecte genetice ce puteau fi mo\u0219tenite. Un exemplu de eugenie pozitiv\u0103 este reprezentat de inseminarea artificial\u0103 de la donatori care au fost selecta\u021bi pentru tr\u0103s\u0103turi precum nivelul ridicat al inteligen\u021bei sau alte tr\u0103s\u0103turi considerate de dorit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PREOCUP\u0102RI DE NATUR\u0102 ETIC\u0102<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a avea o imagine clar\u0103, este util\u0103 luarea \u00een considerare a principalelor preocup\u0103ri de natur\u0103 etic\u0103 actuale la care dorim s\u0103 aplic\u0103m principiile cre\u0219tine. Aceste preocup\u0103ri pot fi plasate \u00een patru categorii de baz\u0103: caracterul sacru al vie\u021bii umane, protejarea demnit\u0103\u021bii umane, acceptarea responsabilit\u0103\u021bilor sociale \u0219i protejarea crea\u021biei lui Dumnezeu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CARACTERUL SACRU AL VIE\u021aII UMANE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 determinismul genetic reduce sensul umanit\u0103\u021bii la rezultatele mecaniciste ale biologiei moleculare, exist\u0103 o mare probabilitate de devalorizare a vie\u021bii umane. De exemplu, posibilit\u0103\u021bile de testare genetic\u0103 prenatal\u0103, inclusiv analizarea preembrionilor umani \u00eenainte de implantare, genereaz\u0103 \u00eentreb\u0103ri cu privire la valoarea vie\u021bii umane atunci c\u00e2nd apare un defect genetic. C\u00e2t de grav trebuie s\u0103 fie un defect genetic, diagnosticat prenatal, pentru a reprezenta un motiv legitim din punct de vedere etic pentru a renun\u021ba la preembrion sau pentru a induce un avort? Unele afec\u021biuni, precum trisomia 18, sunt, \u00een general, considerate a fi incompatibile cu via\u021ba. Dar gravitatea relativ\u0103 a celor mai multe defecte genetice este interpretabil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PROTEJAREA DEMNIT\u0102\u021aII UMANE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Protejarea confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a aspectelor private ale vie\u021bii umane reprezint\u0103 una dintre preocup\u0103rile majore asociate noilor posibilit\u0103\u021bi de testare genetic\u0103. Informa\u021biile referitoare la profilul genetic al unei persoane ar putea fi importante pentru poten\u021bialii angajatori, pentru companiile de asigur\u0103ri \u0219i pentru cei care au leg\u0103turi cu aceasta. \u00centreb\u0103ri precum: dac\u0103 testarea genetic\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 fie voluntar\u0103 sau obligatorie, cine \u0219i de c\u0103tre cine ar trebui testat, c\u00e2t din informa\u021biile ob\u021binute ar trebui \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219it \u0219i cu cine reprezint\u0103 probleme importante de natur\u0103 etic\u0103. Trebuie luate decizii dificile cu privire la posibile excep\u021bii de la protejarea confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a vie\u021bii private \u00een cazul \u00een care alte persoane ar fi grav afectate din cauza lipsei de informa\u021bii. \u00cen joc este protejarea persoanelor \u00eempotriva stigmatiz\u0103rii \u0219i discrimin\u0103rii pe baza structurii lor genetice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O alt\u0103 serie de preocup\u0103ri legate de demnitatea uman\u0103 rezult\u0103 din posibilitatea modific\u0103rii inten\u021bionate a fondului genetic uman. Interven\u021biile medicale \u00een cazul afec\u021biunilor genetice pot avea ca scop fie tratarea celulelor organismului care sunt defecte din punct de vedere genetic, fie alterarea celulelor reproduc\u0103toare. Modific\u0103rile de la nivelul celulelor umane reproduc\u0103toare ar putea deveni elemente permanente ale fondului genetic uman. Interven\u021biile se pot extinde \u0219i dincolo de tratarea bolii, incluz\u00e2nd \u00eencerc\u0103ri de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a unor caracteristici care au fost considerate caracteristici umane normale. Care sunt implica\u021biile asupra a ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 a fi om, de exemplu, dac\u0103 se pot realiza interven\u021bii care vizeaz\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea inteligen\u021bei sau trupului uman?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ACCEPTAREA RESPONSABILIT\u0102\u021aILOR SOCIALE<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Puterea conferit\u0103 de noile cuno\u0219tin\u021be \u00een domeniul geneticii ridic\u0103, de asemenea, semne de \u00eentrebare cu privire la etica politicilor sociale \u0219i limita dintre libert\u0103\u021bile individiuale \u0219i responsabilit\u0103\u021bile sociale. De exemplu, societatea ar trebui s\u0103 conceap\u0103 politici pentru a \u00eencuraja eugenia pozitiv\u0103 sau pe cea negativ\u0103? Persoanelor cu afec\u021biuni genetice grave ar trebui s\u0103 li se acorde libertatea deplin\u0103 de a aduce pe lume copii?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un alt domeniu care ridic\u0103 probleme de natur\u0103 social\u0103 are leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu utilizarea resurselor societ\u0103\u021bii. Se nasc \u00eentreb\u0103ri cu privire la volumul de resurse sociale care ar trebui cheltuite pentru interven\u021bii \u00een genetica uman\u0103 \u00een condi\u021biile \u00een care serviciile medicale de baz\u0103 nu sunt disponibile pretutindeni. Apar, de asemenea, \u00eentreb\u0103ri cu privire la distribuirea beneficiilor \u0219i poverilor reprezentate de interven\u021biile genetice \u0219i modul \u00een care acestea vor fi distribuite \u00eentre boga\u021bii \u0219i s\u0103racii societ\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ADMINISTRATORI AI CREA\u021aIEI LUI DUMNEZEU<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce se dezvolt\u0103 poten\u021bialul ingineriei genetice, s-ar putea face numeroase modific\u0103ri \u00een diferitele specii care exist\u0103 pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt. Aceste modific\u0103ri au poten\u021bialul de a fi at\u00e2t permanente, c\u00e2t \u0219i, \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103, imprevizibile. Ce limite ale modific\u0103rilor genetice, dac\u0103 exist\u0103, ar trebui acceptate? Exist\u0103 limite peste care nu ar trebui s\u0103 se treac\u0103 \u00een transferul genelor de la o form\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 la alta? Am putea spera c\u0103 modific\u0103rile genetice sunt menite s\u0103 \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 via\u021ba pe planeta noastr\u0103. Exist\u0103 motive de \u00eengrijorare. De exemplu, a fost deja luat\u0103 \u00een considerare posibilitatea de a folosi modific\u0103rile genetice \u00een dezvoltarea de noi arme biologice. Exploatarea altor forme de via\u021b\u0103 pentru \u00eendeplinirea de obiective de natur\u0103 militar\u0103 sau economic\u0103 necesit\u0103 o analiz\u0103 moral\u0103 atent\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere preocup\u0103ri de natur\u0103 etic\u0103 precum acestea, formul\u0103m urm\u0103toarele principii cre\u0219tine de care s\u0103 se \u021bin\u0103 cont \u00een interven\u021biile genetice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRINCIPII<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Confiden\u021bialitatea. Men\u021binerea \u00eencrederii \u00een rela\u021biile umane este o condi\u021bie necesar\u0103 a dragostei cre\u0219tine, iar protejarea confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru o astfel de \u00eencredere. Pentru p\u0103strarea confiden\u021bialit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i protejarea \u00eempotriva discrimin\u0103rii, informa\u021biile cu privire la structura genetic\u0103 a unei persoane ar trebui s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 confiden\u021biale, cu excep\u021bia cazului \u00een care persoana \u00een cauz\u0103 alege s\u0103 le fac\u0103 cunoscute celorlal\u021bi. \u00cen cazurile \u00een care ne\u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219irea informa\u021biilor de natur\u0103 genetic\u0103 cu privire la o persoan\u0103 ar avea urm\u0103ri grave asupra unei alte persoane, exist\u0103 o obliga\u021bie moral\u0103 de a face cunoscute informa\u021biile necesare (Matei 7:12; Filipeni 2:4).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Onestitatea. Deoarece cre\u0219tinii au obliga\u021bia de a fi one\u0219ti, rezultatele testelor genetice trebuie transmise cu exactitate persoanei testate sau membrilor familiei care sunt responsabili de aceasta, dac\u0103 celei dint\u00e2i \u00eei lipse\u0219te capacitatea de \u00een\u021belegere a informa\u021biei (Efeseni 4:25).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Onorarea chipului lui Dumnezeu. \u00cen toat\u0103 crea\u021bia, doar fiin\u021bele umane au fost create dup\u0103 chipul lui Dumnezeu (Geneza 1:26-27). Atunci c\u00e2nd cre\u0219tinul recunoa\u0219te \u00een\u021belepciunea \u0219i puterea lui Dumnezeu \u00een crea\u021bie, el ar trebui s\u0103 dea dovat\u0103 de pruden\u021b\u0103 \u00een \u00eencerc\u0103rile sale de a modifica permanent fondul genetic uman (Geneza 1:31). Dat fiind nivelul actual al cunoa\u0219terii, interven\u021biile genetice la om ar trebui limitate la tratarea persoanelor cu afec\u021biuni genetice (terapii cu celule somatice), f\u0103r\u0103 a se \u00eencerca modificarea celulelor umane reproduc\u0103toare (modific\u0103ri ale celulelor germinale), care ar putea schimba chipul lui Dumnezeu \u00een genera\u021biile viitoare. Toate interven\u021biile genetice la oameni ar trebui s\u0103 fie realizate lu\u00e2ndu-se \u00een considerare implica\u021biile morale \u0219i protej\u00e2ndu-se via\u021ba uman\u0103 \u00een toate stadiile de dezvoltare (pentru informa\u021bii referitoare la avortul selectiv, consulta\u021bi principiile enun\u021bate \u00een \u201eGhidul cu privire la avort\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Prevenirea suferin\u021bei. Cre\u0219tinul are responsabilitatea de a preveni sau de a alina suferin\u021ba ori de c\u00e2te ori acest lucru este posibil (Faptele Apostolilor 10:38; Luca 9:2). Din acest motiv, principalul scop al interven\u021biei genetice umane ar trebui s\u0103 fie tratarea \u0219i prevenirea bolilor \u0219i alinarea durerii \u0219i suferin\u021bei. Din cauza tendin\u021belor naturii umane p\u0103c\u0103toase, a posibilit\u0103\u021bii de a abuza de interven\u021biile genetice \u0219i a riscurilor biologice necunoscute, \u00eencerc\u0103rile de modificare a caracteristicilor fizice sau mintale ale persoanelor s\u0103n\u0103toase, f\u0103r\u0103 afec\u021biuni genetice, prin intermediul acestora, ar trebui \u00eentreprinse cu mult\u0103 precau\u021bie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Libertatea de alegere. Dumnezeu pre\u021buie\u0219te libertatea fiin\u021bei umane \u0219i respinge mijloacele de constr\u00e2ngere. Oamenii care sunt capabili s\u0103 ia propriile decizii ar trebui s\u0103 fie liberi s\u0103 decid\u0103 cu privire la necesitatea test\u0103rii genetice. De asemenea, ei ar trebui s\u0103 fie liberi s\u0103 decid\u0103 cu privire la modul \u00een care se va ac\u021biona pe baza informa\u021biilor ob\u021binute \u00een urma test\u0103rii, cu excep\u021bia cazurilor \u00een care decizia ar avea urm\u0103ri grave \u0219i inevitabile asupra altora. Evitarea riscurilor cunoscute ale apari\u021biei unor defecte congenitale grave la f\u0103t prin refuzul de a avea copii poate fi o decizie responsabil\u0103 din punct de vedere moral. De\u0219i astfel de decizii cu privire la procreare \u0219i testare genetic\u0103 sunt profund personale, ele ar trebui luate de individ av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere binele comun.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Rolul de administatori ai crea\u021biei. Protejarea crea\u021biei lui Dumnezeu presupune respectul pentru diversitatea \u0219i echilibrul ecologic al lumii naturale, cu nenum\u0103ratele sale specii de vie\u021buitoare (Geneza 1). Interven\u021biile genetice la plante \u0219i animale ar trebui s\u0103 respecte bogata varietate a formelor de via\u021b\u0103. Ar trebui interzise exploat\u0103rile \u0219i manipul\u0103rile care ar distruge echilibrul natural sau ar duce la degradarea lumii create de Dumnezeu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Pacifismul. Utilizarea ingineriei genetice av\u00e2nd \u00een minte obiective de natur\u0103 militar\u0103 este un afront direct la valorile cre\u0219tine ale p\u0103cii \u0219i vie\u021bii. Abuzul de crea\u021bia lui Dumnezeu schimb\u00e2nd formele de via\u021b\u0103 \u00een arme de distrugere este inacceptabil din punct de vedere moral (Apocalipsa 11:18).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Corectitudinea. Dumnezeu iube\u0219te toate fiin\u021bele umane, indiferent de statutul lor social perceput (Faptele Apostolilor 10:34). Beneficiile cercet\u0103rilor din domeniul geneticii ar trebui s\u0103 fie accesibile \u0219i persoanelor nevoia\u0219e, f\u0103r\u0103 ca acestea s\u0103 fie discriminate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. Demnitatea uman\u0103. Fiin\u021bele umane create dup\u0103 chipul lui Dumnezeu sunt mai mult dec\u00e2t suma genelor lor (Geneza 1:27; Faptele Apostolilor 17:28). Demnitatea uman\u0103 nu trebuie redus\u0103 la mecanisme genetice. Oamenii trebuie trata\u021bi cu demnitate \u0219i respect pentru calit\u0103\u021bile lor individuale, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi stereotipiza\u021bi pe baza mo\u0219tenirii genetice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. S\u0103n\u0103tatea. Cre\u0219tinii au responsabilitatea de a-\u0219i men\u021bine trupul s\u0103n\u0103tos, inclusiv din punct de vedere genetic (1 Corinteni 10:31). Acest lucru \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 ei ar trebui s\u0103 evite ceea ce este probabil s\u0103 fie d\u0103un\u0103tor pentru ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i sau pentru copiii lor, precum consumul de droguri \u0219i radia\u021biile excesive.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    GLOSAR DE TERMENI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    ADN (acid dezoxiribonucleic). Molecula cu structur\u0103 de dubl\u0103 spiral\u0103 care codific\u0103 informa\u021biile genetice. La majoritatea speciilor, este molecula ereditar\u0103 primar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ADN recombinat. O nou\u0103 secven\u021b\u0103 de ADN care este produs artificial prin unirea segmentelor de ADN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cartografiere genetic\u0103. Procesul de stabilire a secven\u021bei genetice a unei specii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Celul\u0103 germinal\u0103. Celul\u0103 reproduc\u0103toare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Celul\u0103 somatic\u0103. Orice celul\u0103 a unui organism, cu excep\u021bia celulelor reproduc\u0103toare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cromozom. Unitate condensat\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 dintr-o molecul\u0103 de ADN \u00eempletit\u0103 cu proteine, fiind structura purt\u0103toare de gene a celulelor vii. Fiin\u021bele umane au 23 de perechi de cromozomi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Enzim\u0103. Protein\u0103 care faciliteaz\u0103 o reac\u021bie chimic\u0103 specific\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a-\u0219i schimba direc\u021bia sau natura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eugenie. Ansamblul strategiilor de \u00eencercare de \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bire a fondului genetic al unei specii fie prin blocarea transmiterii caracteristicilor nedorite, fie prin intensificarea transmiterii caracteristicilor dorite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eugenie negativ\u0103. Ansamblul strategiilor de prevenire a transmiterii tr\u0103s\u0103turilor genetice considerate a fi nedorite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eugenie pozitiv\u0103. Ansamblul strategiilor de \u00eencurajare a transmiterii tr\u0103s\u0103turilor genetice considerate a fi de dorit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fenotip. Caracteristicile observabile rezultate dintr-un anumit genotip, influen\u021bate de factorii de mediu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gen\u0103. Unitatea de baz\u0103 a eredit\u0103\u021bii; o sec\u021biune de ADN care con\u021bine informa\u021bii pentru producerea de molecule de proteine specifice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genom. Tot materialul genetic din cromozomii unui anumit organism sau individ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genotip. Structura genetic\u0103 a unui individ.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Implantare. Ata\u0219area unui embrion de peretele uterului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Inginerie genetic\u0103. Procesul de modificare a structurii genetice a celulelor sau organismelor individuale prin inserarea, eliminarea sau modificarea inten\u021bionat\u0103 a anumitor gene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Muta\u021bie. O modificare permanent\u0103 a ADN-ului care poate fi mo\u0219tenit\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Perechi de baze. Perechi de baze complementare care formeaz\u0103 structura ADN-ului; unit\u0103\u021bile utilizate pentru m\u0103surarea lungimii ADN-ului. Perechile de baze constau din adenin\u0103 (A), care trebuie s\u0103 se asocieze \u00eentotdeauna cu timin\u0103 (T), \u0219i guanin\u0103 (G), care trebuie s\u0103 se asocieze \u00eentotdeauna cu citozin\u0103 (C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Preembrion. Un ovul fertilizat (sau conceptus) \u00eenainte de implantare \u0219i \u00eenceputul sarcinii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Proiectul \u201eGenomul uman\u201d. Eforturile comunit\u0103\u021bii \u0219tiin\u021bifice interna\u021bionale de a realiza o \u201ehart\u0103\u201d detaliat\u0103 a genelor umane, identific\u00e2nd structura \u0219i func\u021bia acestora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Terapie genic\u0103. \u00cenlocuirea sau repararea genelor defecte din celulele vii prin mijloace medicale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Testare genetic\u0103. Analizarea structurii genetice a indivizilor cu scopul identific\u0103rii posibilelor tr\u0103s\u0103turi ereditare, inclusiv a defectelor sau anomaliilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Acest document a fost adoptat \u00een martie 1995 de Comitetul pentru o viziune cre\u0219tin\u0103 asupra vie\u021bii umane \u0219i votat de Comitetul Administrativ al Conferin\u021bei Generale a Bisericii Adventiste de Ziua a \u0218aptea \u00een data de 13 iunie 1995.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    INTRODUCERE Majoritatea progreselor \u00een genetic\u0103 sunt rezultatul cre\u0219terii gradului de cunoa\u0219tere cu privire la structura genelor, nu numai \u00een cazul omului, ci \u00een cazul tuturor formele de via\u021b\u0103 de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt (cuvintele scrise cu caractere cursive sunt definite \u00eentr-un glosar g\u0103sit la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul acestui document). Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 cartografierea genetic\u0103, noi mijloace de testare … Continued<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ghiduri"],"yoast_head":"\nPrincipii cre\u0219tine pentru interven\u021bii genetice - Biserica Adventist\u0103 de Ziua a \u0218aptea din Republica Moldova<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/principii-crestine-pentru-interventii-genetice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Principii cre\u0219tine pentru interven\u021bii genetice - Biserica Adventist\u0103 de Ziua a \u0218aptea din Republica Moldova\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"INTRODUCERE Majoritatea progreselor \u00een genetic\u0103 sunt rezultatul cre\u0219terii gradului de cunoa\u0219tere cu privire la structura genelor, nu numai \u00een cazul omului, ci \u00een cazul tuturor formele de via\u021b\u0103 de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt (cuvintele scrise cu caractere cursive sunt definite \u00eentr-un glosar g\u0103sit la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul acestui document). 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Majoritatea progreselor \u00een genetic\u0103 sunt rezultatul cre\u0219terii gradului de cunoa\u0219tere cu privire la structura genelor, nu numai \u00een cazul omului, ci \u00een cazul tuturor formele de via\u021b\u0103 de pe P\u0103m\u00e2nt (cuvintele scrise cu caractere cursive sunt definite \u00eentr-un glosar g\u0103sit la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul acestui document). Printre acestea se num\u0103r\u0103 cartografierea genetic\u0103, noi mijloace de testare…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=641"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":642,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/641\/revisions\/642"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adventist.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}